Between political party and civil society initiative: Muslim Brotherhood identity in Egypt with special reference to its social services

Egyptian society has played a major role in shaping socio-political movements in West Asia, with the Muslim Brotherhood emerging as one of the most influential. Since its founding in the 1920s, the organization has expanded widely by actively engaging in civil society, especially through grassroots welfare services such as education, healthcare, and charity. Egypt’s civil society, which began developing in the 19th century, has remained relatively dynamic despite continuous restrictions from authoritarian regimes. Its evolution can be traced through different historical phases—from modernization under Muhammad Ali Pasha, to resistance during colonial rule, and later increased state control under leaders like Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak, who allowed limited liberalization without full democratization.
The Muslim Brotherhood strengthened its position by filling gaps left by the state, gaining popular support through efficient and affordable social services. This grassroots network also helped its political rise, culminating in the election of Mohamed Morsi after the Arab uprisings. However, political instability, lack of governing experience, and resistance from entrenched state institutions weakened its rule, leading to its removal and the rise of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. Under his government, civil society—especially groups linked to the Brotherhood—faced severe repression. Overall, the case of the Muslim Brotherhood highlights how Islamic-based movements can mobilize society, influence politics, and contribute to civil society development, even within restrictive political environments.